Article About 'Moral panic' Targets Indonesia's LGBT Community ( Passive Voice )

Indonesian Budi Ahmad used to live openly as a gay man without fear of becoming a target for violence in the world's biggest Muslim-majority nation. Not any more.

The country of 260 million is in the grip of a moral panic, with critics saying the vulnerable LGBT minority is being used as a political punching bag in the run-up to 2019 elections. 

Hardline rhetoric and a string of arrests have raised fears among the community.

"There could be more persecution and we're scared that the public might become vigilantes," said Ahmad, who agreed to speak to AFP using a pseudonym.

The 29-year-old, from a small town in the province of West Sumatra, said family and friends in the tight-knit area have long been aware of his sexual orientation.

But he said the public mood was turning increasingly ugly and he was now confronted with deepening hostility.

"People look at me wherever I go these days. Some avoid me," said Ahmad of his non-traditional masculine image.

"Now when I go to withdraw money from the ATM, for example, there are people staring at me. It never used to be this bad."

Indonesia's LGBT community has always been vilified as immoral.

But the recent police crackdown -- including authorities hosing down a group of transgender women in what they called a "mandatory bath" -- comes against the backdrop of a recent lurch toward religious conservatism.

The shift, led by increasingly powerful hardliners, has dented Indonesia's reputation for moderate Islam.

Last week, thousands of anti-LGBT demonstrators marched outside the capital Jakarta, as some local politicians called for carte blanche to detain and "rehabilitate" members of the minority.

Several mosques in West Java were recently urged by the local government to conduct sermons on the dangers of homosexuality.

And Indonesia's biggest Muslim organisation -- the 80-million-member Nahdlatul Ulama -- has 

called for a clampdown on same-sex relations. 

'Cynical political gain'

Concerns have been aggravated by president Joko Widodo selecting a conservative cleric, known for his disparaging views of the gay community and other minorities, as his running mate for next year's elections.

A poll this year showed nearly 90 percent of Indonesians felt "threatened" by the LGBT community, while a 2013 Pew survey said 72 percent of Indonesian Muslims supported replacing the secular code with Islamic law, which bans gay sex.

"(The elections) could mean an uptick in politicians scapegoating... people for cynical political gain," said Human Rights Watch researcher Kyle Knight.

"The verbal threats politicians issue can quickly metastasise into physical attacks."

Police arrested at least 300 suspected LGBT people last year -- a record -- mostly under an anti-pornography law as homosexuality and gay sex are legal in Indonesia. 

This month, 10 people described as "suspected lesbians" were arrested in West Sumatra, following the detention of another eight lesbians and transgender people in October.

"This situation is alarming as the hateful abuses by law enforcement bodies... are seen as a normal practice by many people," said Usman Hamid, Amnesty International Indonesia's Executive Director.

'Eradicate LGBT'

Officials are unfazed by the criticism.

"We're being consistent in our efforts to eradicate LGBT (behaviour) because it's very destructive," said West Sumatra deputy governor Nasrul Abit, adding that thousands of people were having "deviant sex" in the region.

Parliament is considering a move to criminalise sex outside marriage -- including gay couples -- while the health ministry previously announced plans to release a medical guide classifying homosexuality as a mental disorder.

The UN human rights chief and Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) have criticised the proposed legal overhaul.

Authorities have also taken aim at social media, arresting two men for links to a LGBT community Facebook page.

Google in January pulled one of the world's largest gay dating apps from the Indonesian version of its online store in response to government demands.

'This is wrong'

The latest crackdown can be traced back to 2016 when Indonesia's higher education minister Mohamad Nasir called for LGBT student groups to be banned from universities, and the defence minister criticised gay and trans rights activism, Human Rights Watch said.

Since then, police have raided nightclubs, saunas, hair salons, hotels and even private homes in pursuit of LGBT people.

Gay people have been publicly flogged in Aceh under the province's Islamic legal code.

Local police there made global headlines when they arrested a dozen transgender people and publicly humiliated them by chopping off their long hair and forcing them to wear men's clothes.

But there are few hopes that Widodo or other senior officials vying for re-election will protect a widely hated minority, said HRW researcher Andreas Harsono. 

"We need leaders who have the courage to say this is wrong."



Source : https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2018/11/18/moral-panic-targets-indonesias-lgbt-community.html



Nabilah Salsabila (14219581)

Article About Bullying ( Modals )

Definition of Bullying

Bullying is derived from the word Bully, which is a word that refers to the notion of the "threat" that a person against another person (who generally weaker or "low" of actors), which cause psychological disorders for the victim (victim called bully bully boy or girl) in the form of stress (which appears in the form of physical or psychological disorders, or both; for example, difficulty eating, physical pain, fear, low self-esteem, depression, anxiety, and others). Moreover, Bully usually lasts for a long time (annual) so it may affect victims psychologically. Actually, besides feelings above, a Bully victims also feel angry and upset with what happened to them. There is also a feeling angry, embarrassed and disappointed in herself for "letting" the incident they experienced. But they could not "resolve" it, including not dare to report the perpetrators in adults for fear of being labeled a coward, artisan ngadu, or even blame. With the emphasis that the bully is done by school-age children, it should be noted that one of the characteristics of school-age children is their egocentrism (everything is centered on him) is still dominant. So that when an incident happens to him, the child still think that it is because of him.

Definition of Bullying according sensitive (Characters Child Care) was bullying is the use of aggression with the intention of hurting another person either physically or mentally. Bullying can be physical actions, verbal, emotional and sexual.

Here is an example of action that includes kategory bullying; both individual and group perpetrator intentionally harm or threaten the victim by means of :

- Set aside someone from the association,

- Spreading gossip, mebuat nickname that is mockery,

- Work on a person to embarrass him,

- Intimidate or threaten the victim,

- Physically hurt,

- Do the bullying / pengompasan.

Bullying is not the same as occasional conflict or contention ordinary common in children. Conflict is a normal child and make the child learn how to negotiate and agree with each other. Bullying refers to measures aimed at hurting and done repeatedly. The victims are usually children who are weaker than the perpetrator.

According to Dan Olweus, Author of Bullying at School Bullying can be divided into two major parts :

1.      Direct bullying : physical intimidation, verbal.

2.      Indirect Bullying : social isolation.

Bullying was very painful for the victim. Nobody deserves to be bullied. Everyone has the right to be treated and valued appropriately and fairly. Bullying has a negative impact on the development of children's character, both for the victim and the perpetrator.

Here is an example of the impact of bullying to the victim :

- Depression

- Low self-esteem / self-conscious

- Shy and reclusive

- Decline in academic achievement

- Feeling socially isolated

- It occurred or even try to commit suicide

On the other hand, if left unchecked, bullies will learn that there is no risk whatsoever for them when they commit violence, aggression and threatening other children. When the adult actors that have a greater potential to be thugs or criminals and would bring problems in social interaction.

Certainly connection still remember the case in STPDN / IPDN that until the casualties. And who knows how many hundreds and perhaps even thousands and millions of people who never taste education in STPDN / IPDN damaged due to mental and soul has been in Bullying By his senior and in the end they reward back doing the same thing as his senior brother, do Bullying. And it will continue to happen for generations and its educational institutions Unsurprisingly is official scorer.

Bullying does not occur also among students and seniors but also often occur by the teacher and might not happen if the student who committed suicide in arrears SPP did not feel humiliated and marginalized in front of classmates. Whether it's because the calling repeatedly had to face the principal or a different treatment from the school for him. It could be that it will not happen again "ridiculous death" as a result of new admissions process, if we do not consider the practice of hazing as a matter of course.

Bully is divided into two forms, direct action such harm, threaten, or vilify others. While the shape is not directly incite, silence, or exclude others. Whatever the form of Bully by a child to other children, the goal is the same, namely to "suppress" the victim, and have the satisfaction of such treatment. Perpetrators satisfied look of fear, anxiety, and even hostility from his victim's eyes.

Characteristics Bully victims are those who are not able to fight or defend himself from Bully action. Bully usually appear at school age. Bully perpetrators have certain characteristics. Generally they are the children of the brave, not easily scared, and has certain basic motif. The main motive is usually found on the suspected offender Bully is their aggressiveness. In fact, there are other motives could also owned by the perpetrator Bully, ie low self-esteem and anxiety. Bully become a form of self- defense (defense mechanism) that is used by the perpetrator to mask feelings of inferiority and anxiety that. "The success of" actors do not act the bully may not continue into other forms of violence, even more dramatic.

As parents, we must be aware of the existence of bullying behavior in children, both children as victims or as perpetrators. Some things that can be observed in the case of bullying are:

How to recognize children who indicated experiencing intimidation at school? Some tips are summarized from various sources Kompas.com this might help you. The characteristics that must be considered include :

1.      Reluctant to go to school

2.      Often ill suddenly

3.      Experiencing impairment

4.      Goods owned by missing or damaged

5.      Nightmare or even difficult to sleep

6.      Sense of anger and hate the easier it overflows and increased

7.      It is difficult to make friends with new friends

8.      Has physical signs, such as bruises or cuts


Source :
https://www.academia.edu/38519148/Artikel_bahasa_inggris_tentang_bullying

Nabilah Salsabila (14219581)